The average advancing speed of a tornado is around 30mph however this can vary
significantly from an almost motionless speed to acceleration of up to 70mph in addition to rotating winds in excess of 250mph. If these forces of nature were not enough, a strong Tornados can also accompany tropical storms and hurricanes as they begin to move onto land.

So what causes Tornados?

Tornados are caused by cold and warm air joining together violently including fronts, lows, highs, and prevailing wind patterns. The arch nemesis of the Tornado, the Supercell often forms from a regular thunderstorm, although can be generated independently. Supercells in contrast typically produce substantial amounts of rain, severe winds,
enormous air downdrafts, hail, as well as tornadoes themselves.

Tornado Watches

Tornado Watches and their immediate alerts signify that there is a potential of tornadoes forming in the local area. Individuals within a particular watch area when notified of a tornado should be ready to react quickly should a warning be issued or if they believe that a tornado is approaching. In most countries where tornados and
hurricanes are prevalent National Weather Services typically issue tornado
watches/alerts whenever tornadoes are possible within the local vicinity. Being prepared for these alerts is crucial and it is recommended that individuals whom reside in high risk areas should review their disaster plans to include the safety and location of family members, access to radio or televisions well before any alerts are issued.

Hurricanes

Under typically circumstances, ocean water needs to achieve a temperature above 79 degrees for a hurricane to form, as a consequence, Hurricanes generally develop during the late summer months into the early fall when atmospheric and water temperature conditions are at their optimal. Hurricanes and tropical storms can also help develop
microburst’s, and storm surges which is effectively a rapid rise in water levels which is generated from the winds pushing the water inland. These and storm surges which impact coastal regions, cause extensive damage from heavy rainfall. Although
immensely powerful a beautiful sight is the tranquil centre of a hurricane named the eye, this is one of the most
recognisable aspects of these storms being a very distinctive picture within the many satellite images taken during the storm seasons.

Storm Categories

• Category Five – sustained winds of 156mph +
• Category Four – sustained winds from 131 to 155mph
• Category Three – sustained winds of up to 111–130mph
• Category Two – sustained winds of up to 96–110mph
• Category One – sustained winds of up to 74–95mph

The Faraday cage is an electrical device intended to avert the passage of electromagnetic waves, either incorporating them in or prohibiting them from its interior space. In simple terms it describes how the lightning charge does not transport through the interior of a hollow vessel.

In physical terms, the Faraday box, cage or shield is a sizable metal enclosure that shields the interior of the cage from exterior electromagnetism. The modern day devices are able to almost completely cease an assault using electromagnetism such as an Electro Magnetic Pulse and are therefore, employed in a variety of security environments.

Faraday devices are named after the groundbreaking British physicist, Michael Faraday, one of the creators of modern electrical science. Faraday existed from 1791 to 1867 and is frequently deliberated to be the finest experimentalist in the range of electricity and magnetism. Faraday built the first device in 1836 to significant acclaim.

Although unknown to most the, principal protective measure we can all make from a lightning strike is to get or remain inside a Faraday cage, and it may surprise you to know that we all pretty much have access to one of these devices which is of course a motor car. Despite common perceptions around the rubber tyres from cars routing and thereby saving the lives of occupants is actually not down to the four rubber compound tyres but in fact, due to the existence of the Faraday cage within most vehicles (canvas topped convertibles being the majority exceptions).

Lightning discharges widely carry 50,000 amperes of charge at hundreds of thousands of volts. When a motor vehicle is hit by lightning, the metal frame comes to be a Faraday cage drawing the electricity away from the individuals inside.

The operation of the Faraday cage’s brilliance pivots on the fact that an external static electrical field will motivate the electrical charges within the enclosure’s conducting matter to reappropriate themselves to cancel the field’s effects within the enclosure’s core , in our example, the occupants of a vehicle. Over and above weak signal calculations, the shield is also practical for removing electrical interference, particularly line frequency noise and the most collective usage averts electronic apparatus from being disabled by lightning strikes.

If you are sheltering from a lightning strike without reservation the safest location is inside a Faraday cage and not under a tree as the urban legend suggests. Speaking of lightning striking tress, it is interesting to also point out that when a tree is struck by lightning it is not the actual lightning bolt which often ‘splits’ tress in half but in fact, a consequence of near instantaneous boiling of the tree’s water molecules (induced through the immense heat generated from the lightning) thereby fracturing and causing the splitting effect.

Thunderstorms have several discerning attributes that can result in sizeable amounts of destruction to people and their possessions including causing heavy rain for a short time, anywhere from 30 minutes to an hour and are conventionally around 15 miles in width. There are 4 principal categories of thunderstorms namely, single cell, multi-cell, squall line and super-cell. Surrounded by a group of thunderstorms, the expression “cell” relates to each distinct updraft and whilst the majority of single cell thunderstorms move, there are some uncommon incidents where they endure without much movement.

Lightening forms and manifests itself in the shape of a sizeable spark, or eruption of electric charge, that passes through the air from one charged area of a cloud to another charged area. It originates from a release of electrical energy, which is built up within the thundercloud cloud pursuant to recurrent separation and splitting of water and ice fragments in the turbulent storm environment which discharges when the amassed electric charge develops into a sufficiently large enough charge.

Lightning can be sheet lightning taking place within the cloud or fork lightning amongst clouds.

Lightning Stikes

The lightning itself causes a fast warming of the nearby air, resulting in a abrupt enlargement and shrinking of air that is perceived as thunder. The noise of thunder is in fact caused by the amassed electricity striking the air and causing it to reverberate, this vibration causes a sound ultimately as a result of the extremely hot air pushing against the air particles initiating another reverbation. The rumbling noise of thunder is produced by the vibration or noise bouncing off the surface and the clouds.

Close to the lightning strike the thunder clap may be overheard as a brief booming crack. At a distance, the thunder reverberates causing the rolling thunder sound, because sound from distinctive sections of the lightning strike is not all heard at the same moment. It is possible to approximate how far away in the distance a lightning strike is by calculating the duration taken for the thunder to materialize at your current location. This is achieved by counting the seconds from the appearance of the lightning strike to the first rumbling of thunder, subsequently dividing this period by 5.

It is assessed at any given time approximately 2,000 electric storms are in progression over the World’s surface, and lightning forms and strikes the Planet one hundred times each second. Thunderstorms have been recognized to form in virtually every region of the globe, notwithstanding the fact that they are uncommon in the Arctic territories given the absence of consistent high temperatures. These amazing storms are as some believe nature’s methods of balancing the electrical forces that subsist amid the Earth and the upper atmosphere a natural pressure valve if you will.